[ Running time in plain english ]
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/487258/plain-english-explanation-of-big-o

Some important algorithms for scientific purpuses
01. Metropolis Algorithm for Monte Carlo: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis%E2%80%93Hastings_alg… 02. Simplex Method for Linear Programming: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex_algorithm 03. Krylov Subspace Iteration Methods: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylov_subspace 04. The Decompositional Approach to Matrix Computations: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=615766 05. The Fortran Optimizing Compiler : http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/languages/fortran/ch1-1.html (just the starting page) 06. QR Algorithm for Computing Eigenvalues : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_algorithm 07. Quicksort Algorithm for Sorting : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksort 08. Fast Fourier Transform : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform 09. Integer Relation Detection : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_relation_algorithm 10. Fast Multipole Method : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_multipole_method

[ SIAM put out a 'ten algorithms of the century' ]
https://www.siam.org/pdf/news/637.pdf

[ Algorithms in Linux kernel and CHromo web browser ]
http://cstheory.stackexchange.com/questions/19759/core-algorithms-deployed/19773#19773

[ Simple algorithms for students to implement as assignments ]
http://en.docsity.com/news/interesting-facts/great-algorithms-revolutionized-computing/

[ Algorithms in JS ]
https://github.com/nzakas/computer-science-in-javascript/